ANKOLAH (Leaf)
Ankolah consist of dried leaf of Alangium salviifolium (Linn. f.) Wang. syn. A. lamarckii Thw.; (Fam. Alangiacem), a small tree found over the plains and foothills throughout India.
SYNONYMS
Sanskrit : Ankola, Ankota, Deerghakeela, Nikochaka, Tamraphala, Gupta Sneha
Assamese : —
Bengali : Akarkanta, Baghankura, Aankod, Angkura, Dhalakura
English : Sage-leaved Alangium
Gujrati : Ankol, Onkla
Hindi : Ankol, Ankora, Dhera
Kannada : Ankolimara, Ansaroli, Arinjil, Ankol
Kashmiri : —
Malayalam : Ankolam, Velittanti, Irinjil, Chemmaram
Marathi : Ankola
Oriya : Ankul, Baghonokhiya, Dolanku, Konkonolo
Punjabi : —
Tamil : Alangi, Ankolum, Atikoevam
Telugu : Ankolamu, Udagu, Urgen
Urdu : Ankola
DESCRIPTION
a) Macroscopic
Leaves 8 to13 cm in length and 3 to 5 cm in width, simple, petiolate, petiole 6 to13 mm long, lanceolate, narrowly oblong or ovate, base rounded or acute, glabrous above, pubescent on the nerves, venation reticulate.
b) Microscopic
Leaf –
Petiole – Epidermis single layered, covered by cuticle; nonglandular, mostly unicellular, rarely bicellular, uniseriate trichomes, measuring upto 280 n in length and upto 16 n in width; 7 to10 layered collenchyma present just beneath the epidermis, followed by parenchymatous tissue; collateral vascular bundles 3 to10 in number arranged in an arch and surrounding parenchymatous pith; vascular bundles composed of xylem and phloem; xylem consists of fibres, tracheids and xylem parenchyma; abundant rosette crystals of calcium oxalate present in the parenchyma tissue, measuring upto 45 n in diam.; granulated pigments noticed in all tissues except in the vascular bundle.
Midrib – T.S. shows biconvex outline; epidermis on both surfaces covered by cuticle; abundant nonglandular, unicellular trichomes measuring upto 385 n in length and upto 16 n in width present on epidermis; 4 or 5 layered collenchyma situated just beneath the epidermis; collenchyma followed by 3 or 4 layered chlorenchyma; vascular bundle surrounded by sclerenchymatous tissue except on lateral sides; phloem located on the outer peripheral parts of xylem; xylem mainly consists of tracheids, vessels and fibres; central part of the midrib occupied by parenchyma cells, containing rosettes of calcium oxalate crystals, measuring upto 20 n in diam.
Lamina – T. S. shows dorsiventral structure; epidermis on both the sides covered by cuticle; in surface view the lower epidermis shows straight walled, polygonal cells with prominent cuticular striations and anomocytic type of stomata; upper epidermis either devoid of stomata or with rare ones; cuticular striations also absent; nonglandular, unicellular trichomes similar to midrib abundant on lower epidermis; upper epidermis followed by a two layered palisade; mesophyll traversed by veins. Dispersed in the region are rhomboid calcium oxalate crystals, measuring 10 to 26 n in length and 6 to 16 n in width; palisade ratio 7 to 11; vein islet number 8 to 12; stomatal index 7 to 14.
Powder – Greenish brown, taste bitter; shows tracheids, vessels, lignified fibres with tapered ends measuring 40 to 280 n in length and upto 20 n in width, rosettes of calcium oxalate crystals, rhomboid crystals, nonglandular unicellular trichomes, groups of palisade cells, fragments of upper epidermis and lower epidermis with anomocytic stomata.
IDENTITY, PURITY AND STRENGTH
Foreign matter Not more than 2 per cent, Appendix 2.2.2.
Total Ash Not more than 10 per cent, Appendix 2.2.3.
Acid-insoluble ash Not more than 1 per cent, Appendix 2.2.4.
Alcohol-soluble extractive Not less than 5 per cent, Appendix 2.2.6.
Water-soluble extractive Not less than 15 per cent, Appendix 2.2.7.
ASSAY –
Contains not less than 0.35 per cent of alkaloid as determined by the following method :- Soxlet extract coarsely crushed (25g) dried leaves of A. salviifolium with nhexane (700 ml) for 15 hours. Leave the exhausted (defatted) plant material to dry at room temperature and then extract with methanol (500 ml) for 16 hours. Remove methanol under reduced pressure, acidify with 3 % acetic acid, wash with diethyl ether (3 x 100 ml) and make aqueous phase alkaline with 10 % aqueous sodium carbonate. Extract the liberated (free) alkaloids first with dichloromethane (3 x 100 ml) and then with ethyl acetate (5 x 100 ml). Combine both the extracts, evaporate to dryness and weigh the residue as total alkaloids.
T.L.C.
T.L.C. of the alcoholic extract on silica gel G plates (0.2 mm thick) using toluene: ethyl acetate: diethylamine (60:30:10) shows under UV (254 nm) six spots at Rf. 0.12 (brown), 0.17, 0.21,0.38 (all violet), 0.60 and 0.66 (both yellowish green). Under UV (366 nm) eight fluorescent spots appear at Rf. 0.12, (yellow) 0.17, 0.21(both faint blue), 0.24 (blue), 0.30 (pink), 0.38 (blue), 0.60 and 0.66 (both pink). On exposure to iodine vapour nine spots appear at Rf. 0.12, 0.17, 0.21 (all yellowish brown), 0.24 (reddish brown), 0.30, 0.38, 0.50 (all yellowish brown), 0.60 and 0.66 (both green). On spraying with Dragendorff’s reagent six orange spots appear at Rf. 0.17, 0.21, 0.24, 0.30, 0.38, 0.50.
CONSTITUENTS – Alkaloids (Alangimarckine, deoxytubulosine, ankorine); campesterol, episterol, stigmast-5,22,25-trien-3 β-ol, alangidiol and isoalangidiol.
PROPERTIES AND ACTION
Rasa : Katu, Tikta, Kasaya
Guna : Laghu, Sara, Snigdha, Tiksna
Virya : Usna
Vipaka : Katu
Karma : Kaphahara, Vatahara, Vamaka, Recaka, Vranasodhaka, Mutrala, Parada Sodhra, Jvarghna
IMPORTANT FORMULATIONS – (No formulations)
THERAPEUTIC USES – Graha Badha, Jantuvisa, Jvara, Krmi, Kukkuravisa, Lutavisa, Raktavikara, Sopha, Visrikara, Visarpa, Matsyavisa, Amavata, Kantharoga, Sotha, Sula, Musakavisa
DOSE – 2-10 g.
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